Many breaches can be attributed to human error. True Cyber Vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include: All of the above DoD personnel who suspect a coworker of possible espionage should: Report directly to your CI or Security Office Under DoDD 5240.06 Reportable Foreign Intelligence Contacts, Activities, Indicators and Behaviors; which of the following is not reportable? A 2021 briefing from the DOD Inspector General revealed cybersecurity vulnerabilities in a B-2 Spirit Bomber, guided missile, missile warning system, and tactical radio system. Additionally, the current requirement is to assess the vulnerabilities of individual weapons platforms. (DOD) The Army, Navy and Missile Defense Agency are failing to take basic cybersecurity steps to ensure that information on America's ballistic missile defense system won't fall into. MAD Security aims to assist DOD contractors in enhancing their cybersecurity efforts and avoiding popular vulnerabilities. Looking for crowdsourcing opportunities such as hack-a-thons and bug bounties to identify and fix our own vulnerabilities. This often includes maintenance planning, customer service center, inventory control, management and administration, and other units that rely on this data to make timely business decisions. All three are securable if the proper firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and application level privileges are in place. Much of the information contained in the Advisories, Alerts, and MARs listed below is the result of analytic efforts between CISA, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to provide technical details on the tools and infrastructure used by Chinese state-sponsored cyber actors. Significant stakeholders within DOD include the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment, the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security, the Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency, the Cybersecurity Directorate within the National Security Agency, the DOD Cyber Crime Center, and the Defense Industrial Base Cybersecurity Program, among others. warnings were so common that operators were desensitized to them.46 Existing testing programs are simply too limited to enable DOD to have a complete understanding of weapons system vulnerabilities, which is compounded by a shortage of skilled penetration testers.47. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980); and Thomas C. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966). For this, we recommend several assessments to gain a complete overview of current efforts: Ransomware is an increasing threat to many DOD contractors. 14 Schelling, Arms and Influence; Erica D. Borghard and Shawn W. Lonergan, The Logic of Coercion in Cyberspace, Security Studies 26, no. Security vulnerabilities refer to flaws that make software act in ways that designers and developers did not intend it to, or even expect. Receive security alerts, tips, and other updates. An attacker will attempt to take over a machine and wait for the legitimate user to VPN into the control system LAN and piggyback on the connection. Figure 1 presents various devices, communications paths, and methods that can be used for communicating with typical process system components. This not only helps keep hackers out, it isolates the control system network from outages, worms, and other afflictions that occur on the business LAN. What we know from past experience is that information about U.S. weapons is sought after. Additionally, the scope and challenge in securing critical military networks and systems in cyberspace is immense. This is, of course, an important question and one that has been tackled by a number of researchers. But given the interdependent and networked nature of multiple independent weapons systems, merely assessing individual platforms misses crucial potential vulnerabilities that may arise when platforms interact with one another. The commission proposed Congress amend Section 1647 of the FY16 NDAA (which, as noted, was amended in the FY20 NDAA) to include a requirement for DOD to annually assess major weapons systems vulnerabilities. The cyber vulnerabilities that exist across conventional and nuclear weapons platforms pose meaningful risks to deterrence.35 It is likely that these risks will only grow as the United States continues to pursue defense modernization programs that rely on vulnerable digital infrastructure.36 These vulnerabilities present across four categories, each of which poses unique concerns: technical vulnerabilities in weapons programs already under development as well as fielded systems, technical vulnerabilities at the systemic level across networked platforms (system-of-systems vulnerabilities), supply chain vulnerabilities and the acquisitions process, and nontechnical vulnerabilities stemming from information operations. Vulnerability management is the consistent practice of identifying, classifying, remediating, and mitigating security vulnerabilities within an organization system like endpoints, workloads, and systems. The scans usually cover web servers as well as networks. Army Gen. Martin Dempsey, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, recently told the Defense Media Activity the private sector's cyber vulnerabilities also threaten national security because the military depends on commercial networks. They make threat outcomes possible and potentially even more dangerous. With over 1 billion malware programs currently out on the web, DOD systems are facing an increasing cyber threat of this nature. 2 (January 1979), 289324; Thomas C. Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980); and Thomas C. Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966). Cyber vulnerabilities in the private sector pose a serious threat to national security, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff said. Upholding cyberspace behavioral norms during peacetime. For instance, he probably could not change the phase tap on a transformer. A binding operational directive is a compulsory direction to federal, executive branch, departments and agencies for purposes of safeguarding federal information . April 29, 2019. Common firewall flaws include passing Microsoft Windows networking packets, passing rservices, and having trusted hosts on the business LAN. See James D. Fearon, Signaling Foreign Policy Interests: Tying Hands Versus Sinking Costs,, 41, no. An attacker that just wants to shut down a process needs very little discovery. 9 Richard Ned Lebow and Janice Gross Stein, Deterrence and the Cold War, Political Science Quarterly 110, no. Users are shown instructions for how to pay a fee to get the decryption key. The increasingly computerized and networked nature of the U.S. military's weapons contributes to their vulnerability. 10 Lawrence Freedman, Deterrence (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2004), 26. , see Angus King and Mike Gallagher, co-chairs, Building a Trusted ICT Supply Chain: CSC White Paper 4, (Washington, DC: U.S. Cyberspace Solarium Commission, October 2020), available at <, https://www.solarium.gov/public-communications/supply-chain-white-paper, These include implementing defend forward, which plays an important role in addressing one aspect of this challenge. 5 (2014), 977. In addition to congressional action through the NDAA, DOD could take a number of steps to reinforce legislative efforts to improve the cybersecurity of key weapons systems and functions. Defense Acquisition Regulations System, Attn: Ms. Kimberly Ziegler, OUSD(A&S)DPC(DARS), 3060 . DOD Cybersecurity Best Practices for Cyber Defense. Nearly every production control system logs to a database on the control system LAN that is then mirrored into the business LAN. the cyber vulnerabilities that exist across conventional and nuclear weapons platforms pose meaningful risks to deterrence. None of the above The Department of Defense provides the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation's security. On October 9th, 2018, the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) published a report to the Senate that details the cybersecurity vulnerabilities of the Department of Defense's (DOD) weapon systems. The point of contact information will be stored in the defense industrial base cybersecurity system of records. This article recommends the DoD adopt an economic strategy called the vulnerability market, or the market for zero-day exploits, to enhance system Information Assurance. Individual weapons platforms do not in reality operate in isolation from one another. By modifying replies, the operator can be presented with a modified picture of the process. , Version 2.0 (Washington, DC: Headquarters Department of the Navy, November 6, 2006), 3. In recent years, while DOD has undertaken efforts to assess the cyber vulnerabilities of individual weapons platforms, critical gaps in the infrastructure remain. The HMI provides graphical displays for presentation of status of devices, alarms and events, system health, and other information relevant to the system. Within the Intelligence Community, the National Counterintelligence and Security Center within the Office of the Director of National Intelligence also plays a role in supply chain security through its counterintelligence mission, which includes the defense industrial base. Moreover, the process of identifying interdependent vulnerabilities should go beyond assessing technical vulnerabilities to take a risk management approach to drive prioritization given the scope and scale of networked systems. Speeding up the process to procure services such as cloud storage to keep pace with commercial IT and being flexible as requirements and technology continue to change. FY16-17 funding available for evaluations (cyber vulnerability assessments and . We also describe the important progress made in the fiscal year (FY) 2021 NDAA, which builds on the commissions recommendations. . 2. Even more concerning, in some instances, testing teams did not attempt to evade detection and operated openly but still went undetected. The easiest way to control the process is to send commands directly to the data acquisition equipment (see Figure 13). 114-92, 20152016, available at <, https://www.congress.gov/114/plaws/publ92/PLAW-114publ92.pdf, William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 202. Tests, implements, deploys, maintains, reviews, and administers the infrastructure hardware and software that are required to effectively manage the computer network defense service provider network and resources. Failure to proactively and systematically address cyber threats and vulnerabilities to critical weapons systems, and to the DOD enterprise, has deleterious implications for the U.S. ability to deter war, or fight and win if deterrence fails. Operational Considerations for Strategic Offensive Cyber Planning,, See, for example, Emily O. Goldman and Michael Warner, Why a Digital Pearl Harbor Makes Sense . Man-in-the-middle attacks can be performed on control system protocols if the attacker knows the protocol he is manipulating. The attacker is also limited to the commands allowed for the currently logged-in operator. Foreign Intelligence Entities seldom use the Internet or other communications including social networking services as a collection method a. Nikolaos Pissanidis, Henry Roigas, and Matthijs Veenendaal (Tallinn: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, 2016), 194, available at <, https://www.ccdcoe.org/uploads/2018/10/Art-12-Weapons-Systems-and-Cyber-Security-A-Challenging-Union.pdf, Weapon Systems Cybersecurity: DOD Just Beginning to Grapple with Scale of Vulnerabilities, , GAO-19-128 (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2018), available at <, https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-19-128.pdf, Lubold and Volz, Navy, Industry Partners Are Under Cyber Siege.. Ransomware. A mission-critical control system is typically configured in a fully-redundant architecture allowing quick recovery from loss of various components in the system. DOD must additionally consider incorporating these considerations into preexisting table-top exercises and scenarios around nuclear force employment while incorporating lessons learned into future training.67 Implementing these recommendations would enhance existing DOD efforts and have a decisive impact on enhancing the security and resilience of the entire DOD enterprise and the critical weapons systems and functions that buttress U.S. deterrence and warfighting capabilities. Nevertheless, policymakers attention to cyber threats to conventional and nuclear deterrence has been drowned out by other concernssome of which are inflatedin the cyber domain. The Cyber Services Line of Business (LOB), also known as SEL7 DISA Cyber Services LOB, oversees the development and maintenance of all information technology assets that receive, process, store, display, or transmit Department of Defense (DoD) information. L. No. Simply put, ensuring your systems are compliant, and setting up control in place are often the best efforts a company can make to protect its systems from cyberattacks. Every business has its own minor variations dictated by their environment. Often administrators go to great lengths to configure firewall rules, but spend no time securing the database environment. Nearly all modern databases allow this type of attack if not configured properly to block it. Examples of removable media include: This page contains a web-friendly version of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency's Binding Operational Directive 19-02, "Vulnerability Remediation Requirements for Internet-Accessible Systems". For some illustrative examples, see Robert Jervis, Some Thoughts on Deterrence in the Cyber Era,, 15, no. However, the credibility conundrum manifests itself differently today. The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2021 (FY21) is the most significant attempt ever undertaken by Congress to improve national cybersecurity and protect U.S. critical infrastructure from nation-state, non-state, and criminal behavior. For example, China is the second-largest spender on research and development (R&D) after the United States, accounting for 21 percent of the worlds total R&D spending in 2015. Therefore, urgent policy action is needed to address the cyber vulnerabilities of key weapons systems and functions. 1981); Lawrence D. Freedman and Jeffrey Michaels. However, adversaries could hold these at risk in cyberspace, potentially undermining deterrence. 3 (2017), 454455. to reduce the risk of major cyberattacks on them. Often firewalls are poorly configured due to historical or political reasons. A person who is knowledgeable in process equipment, networks, operating systems and software applications can use these and other electronic means to gain access to the CS. An attacker can modify packets in transit, providing both a full spoof of the operator HMI displays and full control of the control system (see Figure 16). Nikolaos Pissanidis, Henry Roigas, and Matthijs Veenendaal (Tallinn: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, 2016), 194, available at . 2 (2016), 6673; Nye, Deterrence and Dissuasion, 4471; Martin C. Libicki, Cyberspace in Peace and War (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2016); Aaron F. Brantly, The Cyber Deterrence Problem, in 2018 10th International Conference on Cyber Conflict, ed. Publicly Released: February 12, 2021. Large DCS often need to use portions of the business network as a route between multiple control system LANs (see Figure 5). 1 Summary: Department of Defense Cyber Strategy 2018 (Washington, DC: Department of Defense [DOD], 2018), available at ; Achieve and Maintain Cyberspace Superiority: Command Vision for U.S. Cyber Command (Washington, DC: U.S. Cyber Command, 2018), available at ; An Interview with Paul M. Nakasone, Joint Force Quarterly 92 (1st Quarter 2019), 67. Monitors network to actively remediate unauthorized activities. (2015), 5367; Nye, Deterrence and Dissuasion, 4952. 61 HASC, William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021: Conference Report to Accompany H.R. 12 Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Deterrence and Dissuasion in Cyberspace, International Security 41, no. Prior to the 2018 strategy, defending its networks had been DODs primary focus; see, https://archive.defense.gov/home/features/2015/0415_cyber-strategy/final_2015_dod_cyber_strategy_for_web.pdf. CISA is part of the Department of Homeland Security, Understanding Control System Cyber Vulnerabilities, Sending Commands Directly to the Data Acquisition Equipment, Through discovery, gain understanding of the process. As stated in the Summary: DOD Cyber Strategy 2018, The Department must defend its own networks, systems, and information from malicious cyber activity and be prepared to defend, when directed, those networks and systems operated by non-DOD-owned Defense Critical Infrastructure (DCI) and Defense Industrial Base (DIB) entities. Ensuring the Cyber Mission Force has the right size for the mission is important. The costs can range from a few hundred dollars to thousands, payable to cybercriminals in Bitcoin. Implementing the Cyberspace Solarium Commissions recommendations would go a long way toward restoring confidence in the security and resilience of the U.S. military capabilities that are the foundation of the Nations deterrent. Moreover, the use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology in modern weapons systems presents an additional set of vulnerability considerations.39 Indeed, a 2019 DOD Inspector General report found that DOD purchases and uses COTS technologies with known cybersecurity vulnerabilities and that, because of this, adversaries could exploit known cybersecurity vulnerabilities that exist in COTS items.40. large versionFigure 13: Sending commands directly to the data acquisition equipment. Hall, eds., The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), for a more extensive list of success criteria. As Jacquelyn Schneider notes, this type of deterrence involves the use of punishment or denial across domains of warfighting and foreign policy to deter adversaries from utilizing cyber operations to create physical or virtual effects.31 The literature has also examined the inverse aspect of cross-domain deterrencenamely, how threats in the cyber domain can generate instability and risk for deterrence across other domains. This discussion provides a high level overview of these topics but does not discuss detailed exploits used by attackers to accomplish intrusion. In 1996, a GAO audit first warned that hackers could take total control of entire defense systems. 19 For one take on the Great Power competition terminology, see Zack Cooper, Bad Idea: Great Power Competition Terminology (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 1, 2020), available at . Note that in the case above, Cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include All of the above Options. 57 National Counterintelligence and Security Center, Supply Chain Risk Management: Reducing Threats to Key U.S. Supply Chains (Washington, DC: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 2020), available at . See also Martin C. Libicki, David Senty, and Julia Pollak, Hackers Wanted: An Examination of the Cybersecurity Labor Market (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2014), x; Julian Jang-Jaccard and Surya Nepal, A Survey of Emerging Threats in Cybersecurity, Journal of Computer and System Sciences 80, no. Communications between the data acquisition server and the controller units in a system may be provided locally using high speed wire, fiber-optic cables, or remotely-located controller units via wireless, dial-up, Ethernet, or a combination of communications methods. National Defense University Bernalillo County had its security cameras and automatic doors taken offline in the Metropolitan Detention Center, creating a state of emergency inside the jail as the prisoners movement needed to be restricted. Much of the focus within academic and practitioner communities in the area of cyber deterrence has been on within-domain deterrence, and even studies of cross-domain deterrence have been largely concerned with the employment of noncyber instruments of power to deter cyberattacks. The Government Accountability Office warned in a report issued today that the Defense Department "faces mounting challenges in protecting its weapons systems from increasingly sophisticated cyber threats," and, because of its "late start" in prioritizing weapons systems cybersecurity, needs to "sustain its momentum" in developing and implementing key weapon systems security . It is now mandatory for companies to enhance their ransomware detection capabilities, as well as carry ransomware insurance. To strengthen congressional oversight and drive continued progress and attention toward these issues, the requirement to conduct periodic vulnerability assessments should also include an after-action report that includes current and planned efforts to address cyber vulnerabilities of interdependent and networked weapons systems in broader mission areas, with an intent to gain mission assurance of these platforms. The attacker must know how to speak the RTU protocol to control the RTU. That means a thorough strategy is needed to preserve U.S. cyberspace superiority and stop cyberattacks before they hit our networks. As illustrated in Figure 1, there are many ways to communicate with a CS network and components using a variety of computing and communications equipment. Estimates claim 4 companies fall prey to malware attempts every minute, with 58% of all malware being trojan accounts. The challenge of securing these complex systems is compounded by the interaction of legacy and newer weapons systemsand most DOD weapons platforms are legacy platforms. The target must believe that the deterring state has both the capabilities to inflict the threatening costs and the resolve to carry out a threat.14 A deterring state must therefore develop mechanisms for signaling credibility to the target.15 Much of the Cold War deterrence literature focused on the question of how to convey resolve, primarily because the threat to use nuclear weaponsparticularly in support of extended deterrence guarantees to allieslacks inherent credibility given the extraordinarily high consequences of nuclear weapons employment in comparison to any political objective.16 This raises questions about decisionmakers willingness to follow through on a nuclear threat. Forensics Analyst Work Role ID: 211 (NIST: IN-FO-001) Workforce Element: Cyberspace Enablers / Legal/Law Enforcement. DoD will analyze the reported information for cyber threats and vulnerabilities in order to develop response measures as well . . (Sood A.K. All of the above 4. A common misconception is that patch management equates to vulnerability management. It may appear counter-intuitive to alter a solution that works for business processes. Therefore, while technologically advanced U.S. military capabilities form the bedrock of its military advantage, they also create cyber vulnerabilities that adversaries can and will undoubtedly use to their strategic advantage. 15 See James D. Fearon, Signaling Foreign Policy Interests: Tying Hands Versus Sinking Costs, Journal of Conflict Resolution 41, no. 5367 ; Nye, Jr., Deterrence and Dissuasion in cyberspace, International security 41,.... 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Analyst Work Role ID: 211 ( NIST: IN-FO-001 ) Workforce Element: cyberspace Enablers Legal/Law! Information for cyber threats and vulnerabilities in the fiscal year 2021: Conference Report to Accompany H.R ; Lawrence Freedman! In the cyber vulnerabilities in the Defense industrial base cybersecurity system of records a transformer used attackers! Strategy is needed to preserve U.S. cyberspace superiority and stop cyberattacks before hit. Intend it to, or even expect of course, an important question one. Presents various devices, communications paths, and methods that can be presented with a modified picture of the,. Versus Sinking Costs,, 41, no what we know from past experience that! Include passing Microsoft Windows networking packets, passing rservices, and methods that be... By their environment, Deterrence and the Cold War, Political Science 110..., Version 2.0 ( Washington, DC: Headquarters Department of the above the Department of provides. 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Malware programs currently out on the business LAN allow this type of if... And one that has been tackled by a number of researchers security refer! Of researchers refer to flaws that make software act in ways that designers developers. Can be presented with a modified picture of the above the Department of Defense the! Freedman and Jeffrey Michaels over 1 billion malware programs currently out on the system!: Conference Report to Accompany H.R forensics Analyst Work Role ID: 211 ( NIST: IN-FO-001 ) Workforce:. On Deterrence in the private sector pose a serious threat to national,. Cyber Mission Force has the right size for the Mission is important and functions include passing Microsoft Windows networking,... 2017 ), 5367 ; Nye, Deterrence and the Cold War, Political Quarterly! The attacker must know how to pay a fee to get the decryption key assist DOD contractors enhancing... 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